Hybrid warfare in the Baltic Sea and High North

Hybrid warfare has in recent years been subject to increasing attention from governments, industries and the public. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and the following increase in tension between Russia and Western countries, has also contributed to that development.

Recent events, like incidents affecting undersea cables and GPS-signal interference, demonstrate the range of opportunities that hybrid warfare offers compared to conventional warfare. A growing political interest in the High North underline that these regions will be an ongoing focus for hybrid warfare. This paper looks at how the High North and Baltic Sea regions have been an increasing focus for hybrid warfare and a driver of the EU and NATO response.